Noninvasive Bioreactance-Based Fluid Management Monitoring: A Review of Literature

Abstract Body fluid balance is an independent predictor of mortality. For each liter over and above 5 L, risk-adjusted excess mortality seen. Mortality increased by 2.3% for 1 L hospital costs $999. Accordingly, most recent guidelines have endorsed dynamic modeling. Passive leg raising-induced increase aortic blood flow ≥ 10% predicts responsiveness with a sensitivity 97% specificity 94%. Thus, passive raising often used as gold standard validation other procedures (though it's usefulness to assess respiratory variation in vena cava not conclusive). STARLING, device based on bioreactance, works phase shift or time delay while bioimpedance the amplitude thoracic impedance. Unlike bioimpedance, bioreactance affected size patient, fluids, position sensors. STARLING equipped four sensor pads. Each pad contains two sensors, outer transmitting electrode inner receiving electrode. The monitor induces 75-KHz AC current. It then measures delay/phase shift. system, bioreactance-based assessment system responsiveness, it accurately, precisely, noninvasively. reduces invasive risks independently validated against pulmonary artery catheter. vasopressors shock has wide range application.